SOL Review: Important People
WHII.2 - The World In 1500s
Michelangelo - Contributed to the visual accomplishments of the Italian Renaissance by painting the Sistine Chapel and sculpting the David.
Leonardo da Vinci - Contributed to the visual accomplishments of the Italian Renaissance by painting the "Mona Lisa" and the "Last Supper." Erasmus - Contributed to the intellectual achievements of the Northern Renaissance by developing the idea of Humanism William Shakespeare - Contributed to the literary achievements of the Northern Renaissance (England) by developing plays and sonnets such as Romeo and Juliet. |
WHII.3 - The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther - Wrote the 95 Thesis in response to the Church's selling of indulgences. Credited with beginning the Protestant Reformation.
John Calvin - Expanded the Protestant Reformation with the idea Predestination and a strong work ethic towards salvation King Henry VIII - English king who weakened the authority of the when he broke from the Roman Catholic Church. Established the Anglican Church after Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy Queen Elizabeth I - Made Anglicanism the official church of England, but tolerated dissenters. Defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. Cardinal Richelieu - Changed to focus of the 30 Years' War from a religious to political conflict. Jan Huss - Early dissenter. Burned at the stake by the Roman Catholic Church. John Wycliffe - Early dissenter. Body dug-up and burned by the Roman Catholic Church Johannes Gutenberg - Invented the Printing Press which helped spread Renaissance and Reformation ideas |
WHII.4 - Age of Exploration
Prince Henry the Navigator - Portuguese price who established navigational colleges to train sailors and explorers
Vasco da Gama - Portugal explorer; first European to sail around the tip of South Africa and establish Portuguese colonies in India. Christopher Columbus - Spanish explorer who established the first European colony on the island of Hispaniola. Francisco Pizarro - Spanish explorer who defeated the Incan empire. Hernando Cortez - Spanish explorer who defeated the Aztec empire. Ferdinand Magellan - Spanish explorer; first to circumnavigate (to go around) the world. Francis Drake - English explorer; second to circumnavigate the (to go around) the world. Jacques Cartier - French Explorer; discovered the St. Lawrence River in Canada. |
WHII.6 - Absolutism, English Civil War, and EnlightenmentWilliam Harvey - Discovered the heart acted as a pump, circulating the blood through the body
Nicolas Copernicus - Discovered the Heliocentric Theory and sun-centered theory of the solar system Johannes Kepler - Discovered the law of planetary motion; planets moved in elliptical motions Galileo Galilei - Used the telescope to confirm the theories of Kepler and Copernicus Isaac Newton - Discovered the idea of gravity Louis XIV - Absolute Monarch of France; build the Palace of Versailles Peter the Great- Absolute Monarch of Russia; developed a program of Westernization Charles I - Absolute Monarch of England; challenged Parliament which led to the English Civil War Oliver Cromwell - Military dictator of England after successfully defeating Charles I in the English Civil War. Made England a Commonwealth Charles II - Limited Monarchy; shared power with Parliament after the death of the Oliver Cromwell William and Mary - King and Queen during the Glorious Revolution. Puritan leaders who supported a constitutional monarch with Parliament Thomas Hobbes - Enlightenment philosopher; Wrote the, "Leviathan;" Believed men were in a state of war and needed as strong absolute monarch
John Locke - Enlightenment philosopher; Wrote the, "Two Treaties of Government;" Believed men had certain natural rights such as life, liberty, and property. Montesquieu - Enlightenment philosopher; Write the, "The Spirit of Laws;" Believed in the separation of powers and government should be divided to keep power from being concentrated in one person Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Enlightenment philosopher; Believed that their is a social contract between ruler and the people Voltaire - Enlightenment philosopher; Believed in the separation of church and state; was against religious fanaticism Johann Sebastian Bach - Baroque music composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Classical musical composer Miguel Cervantes - Wrote "Don Quixote" Father Miguel Hidalgo - Responsible for helping Mexico achieve their independence Toussaint L'Ouverture - Responsible for helping Haiti achieve their independence Simon Bolivar - Responsible for helping South American achieve their independence President James Monroe - President of the United States; Signed the Monroe Doctrine, which forbade European nations from becoming involved in Latin American affairs. Napoleon Bonaparte - Ruler after the French Revolution; Failed to unify Europe under French Rule; "codified" the law Otto von Bismark - Unified Germany; Believed in "Realpolitick," or the belief that their is no morality in politics. Must be done through war, "Blood and Iron" Giuseppe Garibaldi - Unified southern Italy Count Cavour - Unified northern Italy |
WHII.8 - Industrial Revolution
James Hargreaves - Invented the Spinning Jenny, which increased the production of textiles
James Watt - Invented the Steam Engine, which improved transportation Eli Whitney - Invented the Cotton Gin, which increased demand for slave labor on American plantations Henry Bessemer - Invented the Bessemer Process, which produced steel cheaper and faster Edward Jenner - Discovered the Smallpox Vaccine: improved health Louis Pasteur - Discovered bacteria; improved health Karl Marx - Developed the idea of Communism in response to Capitalism. Wrote "Das Kapital" and "Communist Manifesto." Believed in the redistribution of wealth and the rise of the proletariat. Adam Smith - Developed the economic theory of Capitalism. Wrote "The Wealth of Nations." Believed in the role of competition and freedom to buy and sell. No government involvement. Archduke Franz Ferdinand - Heir to Austria-Hungarian rule. His assassination by Serbian nationalist Galviro Princip started World War I. Woodrow Wilson - President of the United States during World War I. Developed the 14 points and League of Nations to avoid future conflicts. Tsar Nicholas II - Last Tsar of Russia. Overthrown during the Bolshevik (Russian) Revolution Kaiser Wilhelm II - German king during World War I Vladmir Lenin - Leader of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution. Overthrow Nicholas II and established a communist government in Russia. Joseph Stalin - Soviet dictator; Collectivization of farms, five-year plans, and state industrialization Adolph Hitler - Nazi leader; used anti-Semitic who used hatred against the Jewish population to institute the Final Solution. Benito Mussolini - Fascist leader of Italy; wanted to return Italy to the past glories of Rome Hirohito - Japanese emperor; oversaw Japanese expansion in China, Manchuria, and the Southeast Asia Hideki Tojo - Japanese general Franklin Roosevelt - President of the United States during World War II. Harry S. Truman - President of the United States at the end of World War II after FDR died. Ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb. Dwight D. Eisenhower - Supreme commander of Allied forces in Europe. Oversaw the landing of D-Day. Douglas MacArthur - Supreme commander of Allied forces in Asia. Oversaw the reconstruction of Japan and led UN forces during the Korean war George Marshall - U.S. General. Developed the Marshall Plan, which gave economic aid to countries who were committed to democracy. |